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- $Unique_ID{BRK03942}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Lissencephaly}
- $Subject{Lissencephaly Lissencephaly Syndrome Agyria Miller-Dieker Syndrome
- Norman-Roberts Syndrome HARD plus/minus-E Syndrome Neu-Laxova Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 454:
- Lissencephaly
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Lissencephaly) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Lissencephaly Syndrome
- Agyria
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Miller-Dieker Syndrome
- Norman-Roberts Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- HARD plus/minus-E Syndrome
- Neu-Laxova Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Lissencephaly is a brain formation disorder characterized by the lack of
- normal convolutions or folds in the brain. It is thought to be inherited.
- Two major subdivisions including Miller-Dieker Syndrome and Norman-Roberts
- Syndrome have been identified, although as many as eight variants of
- Lissencephaly may exist. An abnormally small head and an unusual facial
- appearance, as well as abnormalities of the brain, kidney, heart and
- gastrointestinal tract may occur. This disorder may occur alone or as a
- symptom of other medical conditions.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Lissencephaly means "smooth brain". It is characterized by an abnormally
- small head, an unusual facial appearance, difficulty in swallowing, failure
- to thrive, and severe psychomotor retardation. Abnormalities of the hands,
- fingers or toes, muscle spasms, and seizures may also occur. Patients with
- the Miller-Dieker variant of Lissencephaly tend to have a high, narrow
- forehead, prominent back of the head, clouded corneas of the eyes, minor
- abnormalities of the ears, underdeveloped jaw, lips with a "carp mouth"
- appearance, and the skin of the forehead may be abnormally wrinkled.
-
- A low, sloping forehead and prominent bridge of the nose are often
- present in those with the Norman-Roberts variant of Lissencephaly. No
- chromosomal abnormality exists in the Norman-Roberts form of Lissencephaly.
-
- Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) may cover many areas of the body.
- Symptoms in males may include undescended testicles and hernias. Other
- developmental problems such as congenital heart disease, absence of one
- kidney, and closure of the normal opening in the part of the intestine called
- the duodenum (duodenal atresia) may also occur. Infants with Lissencephaly
- may have a bluish coloration of the skin (cyanosis), a feeble cry, and
- breathing difficulties while sleeping. Diminished muscle tone (floppiness)
- and feeding problems may develop. Initial lack of movement may gradually be
- replaced by seizures, rigidity, and spasms marked by an extreme backward bend
- of the entire body. Patients may not respond to stimuli, but may be severely
- hyperactive at times. Some infants may have enlarged livers and spleens,
- prolonged yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice), and urinary tract
- infections.
-
- Causes
-
- Lissencephaly is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
- (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
- interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and
- one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear
- unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one
- receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a
- carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of
- transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent and will be genetically normal.)
-
- Medical researchers have found specific chromosomal abnormalities in some
- Lissencephaly patients and speculate that this may be the cause of Miller-
- Dieker Syndrome. Symptoms may develop due to interruption of normal fetal
- brain development during the fourth month of pregnancy.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Lissencephaly is a very rare disorder beginning before birth which is thought
- to affect males and females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- The following disorders can include Lissencephaly as a symptom. Comparisons
- may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- HARD plus/minus-E Syndrome is an acronym for a combination of
- Hydrocephalus, Agyria (smooth brain), and Retinal Dysplasia. This disorder
- is also known as HARD Syndrome, Warburg Syndrome, Chemke Syndrome, Pagon
- Syndrome, Walker-Warburg Syndrome, Cerebroocular Dysgenesis, or COD. The "E"
- in the name is included when an abnormal opening of the skull termed
- "encephalocele" occurs.
-
- Neu-Laxova Syndrome is marked by intrauterine growth deficiencies and
- multiple defects present at birth. Abnormalities of the membrane tissue
- connection between the wall of the uterus and the fetus (placenta) occur.
- Additionally, the fetus is born with a small head, lack of normal
- convolutions and folds of the brain (Lissencephaly or "smooth brain"), and
- developmental abnormalities of the limbs, skin, and external genitalia.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Lissencephaly is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling
- will be of benefit to patients and their families.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Lissencephaly, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Lissencephaly Network
- 7121 Baer Rd.
- Ft. Wayne, IN 46809
- (219) 747-1075
-
- Dr. William B. Dobyns
- Indiana University School of Medicine
- Riley Hospital for Children
- Neurology Dept., Rm. N102
- 702 Barnhill Dr.
- Indianapolis, IN 46202
- (317) 274-8747
-
- Lissencephaly Network
- 7121 Baer Rd.
- Ft. Wayne, IN 46809
- (219) 747-1075
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- The Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
- 350 Parnassus, Suite 900
- San Francisco, CA 94117
- (415) 566-5402
- (415) 565-6259
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MILLER-DIEKER SYNDROME: LISSENCEPHALY AND MONOSOMY 17P: W.B. Dobyns, et
- al.; J Pediatr (April 1983, issue 102(4)). Pp. 552-558.
-
- LISSENCEPHALY AND PACHYGYRIA: AN ARCHITECTONIC AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
- ANALYSIS: R.M. Stewart, et al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (1975, issue 31(1)).
- Pp. 1-12.
-
- SYNDROMES WITH LISSENCEPHALY. I: MILLER-DIEKER AND NORMAN ROBERTS
- SYNDROMES AND ISOLATED LISSENCEPHALY: W.B. Dobyns, et al.; Am J Med Genet
- (July 1984, issue 18(3)). Pp. 509-526.
-
-